Operating Leases

The Company leases office space under a non-cancellable operating lease that expired in January 2024 and had an option to renew this lease, with renewal rates to be negotiated. Operating lease rentals are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease beginning on the date we take possession of the property. At lease inception, we determine the lease term by assuming the exercise of those renewal options that are reasonably assured. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. The lease term is used to determine whether a lease is financing or operating and is used to calculate straight-line rent expense. Additionally, the depreciable leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

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The following table reflects our lease assets and our lease liabilities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

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Operating lease right-of-use assets are included in other assets. Operating lease liabilities, current, are included in accrued liabilities and Operating lease liabilities, non-current, are include in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lease Costs:

The components of lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

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As of September 30, 2025, the maturity of operating lease liabilities was as follows (in thousands):

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Lease Term and Discount Rate:

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The discount rate was calculated by using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate.

Other Information:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in thousands):

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Contingencies

In the normal course of business, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings. The Company will accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of a possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency might include, for example, estimates of potential damages, outside legal fees and other directly related costs expected to be incurred.

The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NYIAX Agreements

Exchange Agreement

On March 16, 2025, the Company entered into a share exchange agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with NYIAX, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“NYIAX”), pursuant to which NYIAX exchanged 900,000 shares (the “NYIAX Shares”) of NYIAX’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “NYIAX Common Stock”), for aggregate consideration of up to 5,000,000 shares of common stock (collectively, the “Exchange”). The Exchange Agreement closed on April 9, 2025.

Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, as full consideration for the sale, assignment, transfer and delivery of the NYIAX Shares by NYIAX to the Company, the Company agreed to issue to NYIAX (i) 3,000,000 shares of common stock (such shares of common stock, the “NYIAX Closing Shares”), and (ii) 2,000,000 shares of common stock (such shares of common stock, the “NYIAX Additional Shares”), The NYIAX Closing Shares will be issued in four equal quarterly tranches starting from the closing.

The NYIAX Additional Shares will be issued only upon completion of a complete advertising cycle for a third party clientele, and upon the parties’ mutual written agreement that the Adio platform has been integrated into the NYIAX platform upon completion of the advertising cycle. The NYIAX Additional Shares will be issued within thirty (30) days from the completion of the integration.

The Exchange Agreement includes customary representations and warranties and various customary covenants and closing conditions that are subject to certain limitations, including, without limitation, certain agreements.

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Intellectual Property Cross-License Agreement

In connection with the Exchange, on March 16, 2025, the Company entered into a white label, co-marketing and intellectual property cross-license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with NYIAX, pursuant to which the Company received a non-exclusive license under certain of NYIAX’s jointly owned patent rights and know-how, and a non-exclusive license to white label NYIAX’s proprietary software-as-a-service advertising brokerage platform, all within the field of data, information and asset monetization and exchange. In exchange, the Company granted to NYIAX a non-exclusive license under certain of the Company’s wholly owned patent rights, know-how and trademarks, including with respect to the Company’s Adio platform, in the field of advertising buying, selling and brokerage.

Pursuant to the License Agreement, as consideration for the services provided by NYIAX pursuant to the License Agreement and the rights to access and use the NYIAX platform granted to the Company, and upon the terms and subject to all of the conditions contained in the License Agreement, the Company agreed to issue to NYIAX 2,530,000 shares (such shares, the “NYIAX Consideration Shares”) of common stock.

Pursuant to the License Agreement, in consideration of the rights granted to NYIAX under the License Agreement, NYIAX agreed to pay to the Company a license fee in the form of a convertible promissory note in the aggregate amount $2,500,000 (the “NYIAX Convertible Note”). The NYIAX Convertible Note is due on the first anniversary of the closing (the “Maturity Date”). NYIAX agreed to pay interest to the Company on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of the NYIAX Convertible Note at the rate of four percent (4%) per annum, accruing from the closing. The NYIAX Convertible Note may be prepaid in full at NYIAX’s election.

The NYIAX Convertible Note will automatically convert at the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date, and (ii) the first underwritten public offering of NYIAX pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, covering the offer and sale by NYIAX of its equity securities, as a result of or following which NYIAX shall be a reporting issuer under the Exchange Act, and NYIAX’s common stock is listed on the Trading Market (as defined in the NYIAX Convertible Note), at a conversion price of $2.00 per share.

The Company entered into an Extinguishment Agreement with NYIAX in September 2025 to convert the NYIAX Convertible Note to 1,250,000 shares of NYIAX in full repayment of the note.

The License Agreement includes customary representations and warranties and various customary covenants and closing conditions that are subject to certain limitations, including, without limitation, certain agreements.

Software Development Agreement

In connection with the Exchange, on March 16, 2025, the Company entered into a software development agreement (the “Software Development Agreement”) with NYIAX, pursuant to which NYIAX has engaged the Company to develop certain software and provide certain additional professional services as the parties will agree under one or more statements of work.

The Software Development Agreement includes customary representations and warranties and various customary covenants and closing conditions that are subject to certain limitations, including, without limitation, certain agreements.

Lock-up Agreements

On April 9, 2025, the Company and NYIAX entered into the Lock-Up Agreements (defined below). In connection with the Exchange Agreement, the Company agreed to enter into a lock-up agreement in respect of the NYIAX Shares, pursuant to which the NYIAX Shares shall be subject to lock-up restrictions for four (4) years from the issuance (the “Datavault Lock-Up Agreement). Concurrently, NYIAX agreed to enter into (i) a lock-up agreement in respect of the Additional Shares to be issued by the Company to NYIAX pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, pursuant to which the Additional Shares shall be subject to lock-up restrictions for two (2) years from the issuance (the “Additional Lock-Up Agreement”), (ii) a lock-up agreement in respect of the consideration shares (the “Consideration Shares”) to be issued by the Company to NYIAX pursuant to that certain White Label, Co-Marketing and Intellectual Property Cross-License Agreement, by and between the Company and NYIAX, dated as of March 16, 2025, pursuant to which the Consideration Shares shall be subject to lock-up restrictions for one (1) year from the issuance (the “Consideration Lock-Up Agreement”), and (iii) a lock-up agreement in respect of the Closing Shares to be issued by the Company to NYIAX pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, pursuant to which the Closing Shares shall be subject to lock-up restrictions for one (1) year from the issuance (the “Closing Lock-Up Agreement”, and together with the Datavault Lock-Up Agreement, the Additional Lock-Up Agreement, and the Consideration Lock-Up Agreement, the “Lock-Up Agreements”).

The Company accounted for the NYIAX transactions as a collaborative arrangement and allocated fair values of exchanged assets on their relative fair value. The common stock consideration of aggregate of 7,530,000 shares, including the 2,000,000 contingently issuance shares which are considered probable to be issued, was measured at the closing date of April 9, 2025 for an aggregate fair value of $4.9 million and is recorded to additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The NYIAX common shares received in the aggregate of 2,150,000 were valued at $4.3 million and are recorded as an investment at fair value under the measurement alternative of ASC 321 at the close date fair value of $2 per share on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The fair value method was determined due to the Company not having significant influence over NYIAX. IP licenses received from NYIAX represents the net amount of the shares exchanged and is expensed to research and development of $0.6 million on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The Company’s IP license granted to NYIAX represents functional intellectual property accounted for under ASC 606 with point-in-time revenue recognition. Initial value allocated of $2.5 million is based on the fair value of the NYIAX Convertible Note. However, as the collaborative arrangement includes consideration paid to the customer, NYIAX, for distinct goods and services for which the fair value was not reasonably estimable, the transaction price was reduced for any consideration paid in excess of goods or services with a readily determinable fair value, the NYIAX Investment. Accordingly, the transaction price was reduced to zero as the excess fair value of the consideration paid to the customer was in excess of $2.5 million.

The contingently issuance shares are accounted for under ASC 718, Share-based payments as an equity-classified share-based payment to a customer. Due to the probable achievement of the performance condition on the grant date, the shares are initially recorded at the grant date fair value of $1.3 million with no subsequent remeasurement.

IBM Purchase Commitment for Programs

On July 7, 2025, the Company entered into a purchase commitment for programs (the “IBM Purchase Commitment”) with International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”), to purchase certain subscriptions from IBM program offerings (the “Programs”). IBM agreed to license the Programs to the Company for two payments of $18.9 million on June 30, 2025 and $4.8 million on September 30, 2025, respectively (the “Program Payments”). According to an Embedded Solution Agreement (the “Base Agreement”), of which the Purchase Commitment and the Cloud Services Agreement (as defined below) form a part, the Program Payments become due once an invoice is sent from IBM to the Company and are due within 30 days of receipt of the invoice.

On September 23, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to the IBM Purchase Commitment (the “Amendment 1”) to amend the payment schedule to be as follows: $2.5 million to be paid at the time of the agreement, $3.3 million on December 23, 2025 and eight payments of $2.2 million each quarter after that to end with the final payment on December 23, 2027. The Company having paid $2.5 million on August 8, 2025, the total payments are $25.8 million.

Under the IBM Purchase Commitment, the Company must send a report to IBM every 90 days summarizing the use of each Program. The Company may license the Programs to end-users, subject to certain limitations, restrictions, and requirements. The Company must use its own intellectual property to add value to the Programs and describe this value to IBM as well as bundle it within the Programs when licensing to end-users.

The IBM Purchase Commitment includes customary representations and warranties and various customary covenants and closing conditions that are subject to certain limitations, including in the Base Agreement.

Payments under the IBM Purchase Commitment are capitalized to prepaid expenses and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term, which ends on June 29, 2028, with amortization recorded to research and development expense in the same manner as the related hosting fees. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $23.3 million of remaining purchase commitments payable under the agreement.

Cloud Services Subscription Agreement

On July 7, 2025, the Company entered into a cloud services subscription agreement (the “Cloud Services Agreement”) with IBM, pursuant to which the Company has agreed to purchase certain subscriptions to IBM cloud services (the “Cloud Services”).

The Company has selected their Cloud Services, with the minimum value of the Cloud Services actually purchased within each annual period being (i) $105,564 in the first year, (ii) $2,111,850 in the second year, and (iii) $4,117,292.40 in the third year. If the Cloud Services purchased in an annual period exceed the minimum, that surplus amount can be removed from the required minimum for the following year. If the Cloud Services purchased in an annual period are below the minimum, the Company must place an order covering the additional amount within seven days of the end of the applicable annual period. If the Company does not place that additional order, IBM may invoice the Company and require the Company to pay that additional amount to reach the minimum for the applicable annual period.

Pursuant to the Cloud Services Agreement, the Company must use its own intellectual property to add value to the Cloud Services for end-users of the Cloud Services.

The Cloud Services Agreement includes customary representations and warranties and various customary covenants and closing conditions that are subject to certain limitations, including in the Base Agreement.

The Company is recording the expense as subscription licenses expense in the research and development line item on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.